The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is a standard application layer protocol in the Internet Protocol (IP) Suite used for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over a network. This is achieved by the protocol's methods to query and manipulate these directory services. Directory services are integral in setting up an Intranet and internet applications through allowing the sharing of the user, system, network, service, and application information on the network. For example, a corporate email for an organization and a telephone directory are both only achievable through directory services. As such, these records are always stored in an organized and often hierarchical structure.

Firewall is one of best security mechanism that monitor and control the network traffic incoming and outgoing, based on predefined security rules. The firewall is always established between trusted internal and some other outside network (can be internet), assuming that outside network unsecured and untrusted. There are mainly two kinds of firewalls, host-based firewalls and network firewalls. Some of firewall provide additional services like DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) or VPN (Virtual Private Network) services for the internal network. There are Three generations of firewalls named First, Second and Third. First generation firewalls were based on packet filtering. Looking at the network address (IP) and the port of the packet, it determined whether packet is to block or allowed. If a particular packet or series of packets did not match for packet filtering rules, those were simply dropped. In 1988 first packet filter firewall was developed from Digital Equipment Firewalls. If packets do not match the rules, the filter will reject or drop the packet. These filtering works on the first three layers (physical layer, data link layer and network layer) of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model.

Incognito has a pretty catchy name - it sounds private, secure, and makes you feel like you can browse the web without leaving a recordable trace. However, the reality of incognito browsers is quite contrary.

With home & industrial automation slowly getting prominence across the globe, the efficiency of supporting infrastructure to perform as desired plays a significant role. Just like Zigbee, Z-Wave is one such protocol which supports communication between smart devices. Z-Wave relies on Radio Frequency (RF) for performing signaling and controlling operations.

There is really no one specific thing that you can say determines the speed of your internet connection because there are several players and components responsible to deliver internet to your PC or laptop. Internet speed is not just determined by the speed of your computer’s processor as many people think.

Our home router has become an internal part of the global communication footmark when the use of the Internet has developed to contain home-based telework, entertainment, personal financial management, social networks, school work, and businesses. The router facilitates the broadened connection. Almost all these devices are pre-configured by the company that made and are plug and play for immediate use. After installing a router at home, people frequently connect directly to the World Wide Web without conducting any additional configuration. People might be reluctant to enhance safeguard configurations because those configurations may seem a bit difficult or people are unwilling to spend more time with these advanced configuration settings.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a decentralized naming schema of resolving domain (host) names into numerical IP Addresses. The IP Addresses are assigned to various computing devices and services on the Internet but because remembering a series of numbers is difficult for people, it's easier to remember them by their corresponding domain names and have the DNS translate it into the relevant IP address.

In simplest words, Kerberos is an authentication protocol which can service requests over an untrusted network such as the Internet. Kerberos formed its name from Greek mythology which was a three-headed dog that guarded the gates of Hades. Similarly, in Kerberos authentication, we have three heads representing

Cyberbullying is bullying someone by using an electronic medium such as social media, SMS, messaging app or email to harass or intimidate a victim. Cyberbullying is more frequent in children, but some high school or even college kids experience it. Easy access to anonymous messaging apps also influence teenagers to bully someone without identifying himself, and it makes it very difficult for victim to identify who is doing it.

Cache Poisoning (or DNS Spoofing) is an attack technique where corrupted Domain Name Server (DNS) data is stored into the DNS Resolver’s cache and causes it to return an incorrect Internet Protocol (IP) Address. As a result of this, the network traffic is then redirected to the attacker’s (or any other) computer instead of the intended recipient. From here, the attacker could use this to supplement other types of attacks such as a Denial of Service (DoS) attack or a man-in-the-middle attack. It can even be used in aiding them to spread computer worms and other malware or even redirecting users to a malicious site owned by the attacker (this method can be used in phishing attacks).